Abstract
The primary aim of science education is to develop the pupils’ scientific literacy that they have a wide range of knowledge, attitudes, competencies, and skills that enable them to use and apply knowledge and procedures associated with scientific inquiry when solving various situations in daily life. An important component of scientific literacy is inquiry skills, through which methods and procedures copying the work of scientists can be applied in solving problems. At the same time, they allow pupils to gain new knowledge and understand natural concepts, based on which they can input more deeply into the way the world works. In the submitted contribution, we present the results of the conducted research aimed at evaluating the level of inquiry skills among sixth-grade pupils of lower secondary education (ISCED 2). The obtained data indicate that the pupils who participated in the research have a relatively low level of inquiry skills, which can significantly affect their ability to search and discover new knowledge in the field of natural sciences and ultimately have a negative impact on their overall level of scientific literacy.
References
- Balogová, B., & Ješková, Z. (2016). Mapovanie bádateľských zručností žiakov stredných škôl. Biológia, ekológia, chémia, 20(3). https://bit.ly/3MwtbaM Search in Google Scholar
- Beaumont-Walters, Y., & Soyibo, K. (2001). An analysis of high school students’ performance on five integrated science process skills. Research in Science & Technological Education, 19(2), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635140120087687 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Bellová, R., Melicherčíková, D., & Tomčík, P. (2018). Possible reasons for low scientific literacy of Slovak students in some natural science subjects. Research in Science & Technological Education, 36(2), 226–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2017.1367656 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Burns, J. C., Okey, J.R., & Wise, K.C. (1985). Development of an integrated process skill test: TIPS II. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 22(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.3660220208 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Cheung, D. (2007). Facilitating chemistry teachers to implement inquiry-based laboratory work. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 6(1), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-007-9102-y Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Search in Google Scholar
- Colburn, A. (2000). An inquiry primer. Science Scope, 23(6), 42–44. https://www.studentachievement.org/wp-content/uploads/An-Inquiry-Primer-1.pdf Search in Google Scholar
- Čepičková, I. B. (2013). Didaktika přírodovědného základu. Univerzita J.E. Purkyně. Search in Google Scholar
- Čipková, E., & Fuchs, M. (2020). Hodnotenie vybraných bádateľských zručností študentov učiteľstva biológie. Scientia in educatione, 11(2), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.14712/18047106.1884 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Čipková, E., & Karolčík, Š. (2018). Assessing of scientific inquiry skills achieved by future biology teachers. Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology, 23. https://doi.org/10.1515/cdem-2018-0004 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Čipková, E., Karolčík, Š., & Scholzová, L. (2020). Are secondary school graduates prepared for the studies of natural sciences? – evaluation and analysis of the result of scientific literacy levels achieved by secondary school graduates. Research in Science & Technological Education, 38(2), 146–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2019.1599846 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- DeBoer, G. E. (2000). Scientific literacy: Another look at its historical and contemporary meanings and its relationship to science education reform. Journal of Research in Science Teaching: The Official Journal of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, 37(6), 582–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2736(200008)37:6%3C582::AID-TEA5%3E3.0.CO;2-L Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Delen, ˙I., & Kesercio˘glu, T. (2012). How middle school students’ science process skills affected by Turkey’s national curriculum change? Journal of Turkish Science Education, 9(4), 3–9. http://www.tused.org/index.php/tused/article/view/465/399 Search in Google Scholar
- Deters, K.M. (2005). Student opinions regarding inquiry-based labs. Journal of Chemical Education, 82(8), 1 178–1 180. Search in Google Scholar
- Dluhošová, A. (2004). Rómske deti v školstve z pohľadu školskej inšpekcie. Rómske deti v slovenskom školstve, 42. https://bit.ly/3EITHfo Search in Google Scholar
- Ergül, R., S¸ım¸seklı, Y., C¸ali¸s, S., Özdılek, Z., Gö¸cmen¸celebı, S¸., & S¸anli, M. (2011). The effects of inquiry-based science teaching on elementary school students’science process skills and science attitudes. Bulgarian Journal of Science & Education Policy, 5(1). http://see-articles.ceon.rs/data/pdf/1313-1958/2011/1313-19581101048E.pdf Search in Google Scholar
- Etkina, E., Van Heuvelen, A., White-Brahmia, S., Brookes, D.T., Gentile, M., Murthy, S., Rosengrant, D., & Warren, A. (2006). Scientific abilities and their assessment. Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research, 2(2). https://journals.aps.org/prper/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.2.020103 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Fagerland, M.W., & Sandvik, L. (2009). The wilcoxon–mann–whitney test under scrutiny. Statistics in Medicine, 28(10), 1 487–1 497. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3561 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Farhady, H., & Shakery, S. (2000). Number of options and economy of multiple-choice tests. Roshd Foreign Language Teaching Journal, 14(1), 132–141. https://bit.ly/3VsvRuc Search in Google Scholar
- Fehér, Z., Jaruska, L., Szarka, K., & Tóth, P. (2020). Assessing the condition of scientific inquiry skills in teacher education using physical and chemical tasks. In ICERI2020 Proceedings (pp. 5 416–5 424). IATED. https://library.iated.org/view/FEHER2020ASS Search in Google Scholar
- Firman, H. (2007). Laporan Analisis Lietarasi Sains Berdasarkan Hasil PISA Nasional Tahun 2006. Pusat Penilaian Pendidikan Balitbang Depdiknas, Jakarta. Search in Google Scholar
- Fradd, S.H., Lee, O., Sutman, F.X., & Saxton, M.K. (2001). Promoting! Science literacy with English language learners through instructional materials development: A case study. Bilingual Research Journal, 25(4), 417–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2001.11074464 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Glazer, N. (2011). Challenges with graph interpretation: a review of the literature. Studies in Science Education, 47(2), 183–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057267.2011.605307 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Giammatteo, L., & Obaya, A.V. (2018). Assessing chemistry laboratory skills through a competency-based approach in high school chemistry course. Science Education International, 29(2), 103–109. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1184773 Search in Google Scholar
- Gormally, C., Brickman, P., & Lutz, M. (2012). Developing a test of scientific literacy skills (TOSLS): Measuring undergraduates’ evaluation of scientific information and arguments. CBE-Life Sciences Education, 11(4), 364–377. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.12-03-0026 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Guevara, C.A. (2015). Science process skills development through innovations in science teaching. Research Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(2), 6–10. http://www.isca.in/EDU SCI/Archive/v3/i2/2.ISCA-RJEduS-2015-003.php Search in Google Scholar
- Hairida, H. (2016). The effectiveness using inquiry based natural science module with authentic assessment to improve the critical thinking and inquiry skills of junior high school students. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 5(2), 209–215. Search in Google Scholar
- Harrison, C. (2014). Assessment of inquiry skills in the SAILS project. Science Education International, 25(1), 112–122. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1022890 Search in Google Scholar
- Harlen, W. (2001). The assessment of scientific literacy in the OECD/PISA project. Studies in Science Education, 36(1), 79–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057260108560168 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Harlen, W. (2013). Assessment & inquiry-based science education: Issues in policy and practice. Science Education Program of IAP. https://bit.ly/3rVNmFD Search in Google Scholar
- Harlen, W. (2014). Helping children’s development of inquiry skills. Inquiry in Primary Science Education, 1(1), 5–19. https://bit.ly/3TiBhWM Search in Google Scholar
- Hassan, S., & Hod, R. (2017). Use of item analysis to improve the quality of single best answer multiple choice question in summative assessment of undergraduate medical students in Malaysia. Education in Medicine Journal, 9(3), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2017.9.3.4 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(3), 66–67. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102129 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Hew, K. F., & Brush, T. (2007). Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: Current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. Educational Technology Research and Development, 55(3), 223–252. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Hodosyova, M., Útla, J., Vnukova, P., & Lapitkova, V. (2015). The development of science process skills in physics education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 982–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.184 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Holbrook, J., & Rannikmae, M. (2009). The meaning of scientific literacy. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 4(3), 275–288. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ884397.pdf Search in Google Scholar
- Jacob, J. (2017). Reliability: How? When? What? International Journal of Advances in Nursing Management, 5(4), 372–374. https://bit.ly/3T1OEef Search in Google Scholar
- Ješková, Z., Balogová, B., & Kireš, M. (2018). Assessing inquiry skills of upper secondary school students. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (vol. 1076, no. 1). IOP Publishing. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1076/1/012022/meta Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Ješková, Z., Jurková, V., Lukáč, S., Šnajder, Ľ., & Guniš, J. (2021). Development of inquiry skills at upper secondary level. Journal of Physics, Conf. Series, 1929, 1–11. Search in Google Scholar
- https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1929/1/012029/meta Open DOI
- Ješková, Z., Lukáč, S., Hančová, M., Šnajder, Ľ., Guniš, J., Balogová, B., & Kireš, M. (2016a). Efficacy of inquiry-based learning in mathematics, physics and informatics in relation to the development of students inquiry skills. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 15(5), 559–574. https://bit.ly/3g32K0h Search in Google Scholar
- Ješková, Z., Lukáč, S., Šnajder, Ľ., Guniš, J., Balogová, B., & Kireš, M. (2016b). Hodnotenie bádateľských zručností žiakov gymnáziá. Scientia in educatione, 7(2), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.14712/18047106.350 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Justice, C., Rice, J., Warry, W., Inglis, S., Miller, S., & Sammon, S. (2007). Inquiry in higher education: Reflections and directions on course design and teaching methods. Innovative Higher Education, 31(4), 201–214. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10755-006-9021-9 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Kireš, M., Ješková, Z., Ganajová, M., & Kimáková, K. (2016). Bádateľské aktivity v prírodovednom vzdelávaní. Štátny pedagogický ústav. https://https://bit.ly/3VvR0n6 Search in Google Scholar
- Kireš, M., & Jurková, V. (2021). Development of inquiry skills at lower secondary school level. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1929(1). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1929/1/012028/meta Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Kotuľáková, K. (2020). Prírodovedná gramotnosť a kritické zhodnotenie mediálnych výstupov. Biológia, Ekológia, Chémia, 24(1). https://bit.ly/3T3TLdY Search in Google Scholar
- Krišková, K., & Kireš, M. (2017). Making predictions skill level analysis. In AIP Conference Proceedings (vol. 1804, no. 1). AIP Publishing LLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4974393 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Kruit, P. M., Oostdam, R. J., van den Berg, E., & Schuitema, J.A. (2018). Assessing students’ ability in performing scientific inquiry: instruments for measuring science skills in primary education. Research in Science & Technological Education, 36(4), 413–439. Search in Google Scholar
- Kubiš, T., Demkanin, P., Hajdúk, M., Hanuljaková, H., Lapitka, M., & Malčík, M. (2015). Metodika tvorby testových úloh a testov. Národný ústav certifikovaných meraní vzdelávania. Search in Google Scholar
- Lati, W., Supasorn, S., & Promarak, V. (2012). Enhancement of learning achievement and integrated science process skills using science inquiry learning activities of chemical reaction rates. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 4 471–4 475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.279 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Liew, S. S., Lim, H.L., Saleh, S., & Ong, S. L. (2019). Development of scoring rubrics to assess physics practical skills. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 15(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/103074 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Llewellyn, D. (2013). Teaching high school science through inquiry and argumentation – Second edition. Corwin, A SAGE Company. Search in Google Scholar
- Liu, X. (2013). Expanding notions of scientific literacy: A reconceptualization of aims of science education in the knowledge society. In Science education for diversity (pp. 23–39). Springer, Dordrecht. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-4563-6 2 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Lou, Y., Blanchard, P., & Kennedy, E. (2015). Development and validation of a science inquiry skills assessment. Journal of Geoscience Education, 63(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.5408/14-028.1 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Miklovičová, J., & Valovič, J. (2019). Národná správa PISA 2018. Bratislava: Národný ústav certifikovaných meraní vzdelávania. Search in Google Scholar
- Millar, R., & Driver, R. (1987). Beyond Processes, Studies in Science Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057268708559938 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Minárechová, M. (2014). História induktívného prístupu v prírodovednom vzdelávaní v USA a jeho súčasná reflexia na Slovensku. Scientia in educatione, 5(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.14712/18047106.94 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Miškovičová Hunčíková, I., & Ušáková, K. (2009). Experimentálne overovanie alternatívneho obsahu biológie na gymnáziách. In New trends in the didactic training of teachers (pp. 19–24). EDUCO. Search in Google Scholar
- Mukti, W.R., Yuliskurniawati, I.D., Noviyanti, N. I., Mahanal, S., & Zubaidah, S. (2019). A survey of high school students’ scientific literacy skills in different gender. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1241(1). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1241/1/012043/meta Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Mullis, I.V., Martin, M.O., Foy, P., Kelly, D.L., & Fishbein, B. (2020). TIMSS 2019 international results in mathematics and science. TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College. Search in Google Scholar
- Mulyeni, T., Jamaris, M., & Supriyati, Y. (2019). Improving basic science process skills through inquiry-based approach in learning science for early elementary students. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 16(2), 187–201. Search in Google Scholar
- Neideen, T., & Brasel, K. (2007). Understanding statistical tests. Journal of Surgical Education, 64(2), 93–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2007.02.001 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Nejedlý, A., & Vojíř, K. (2022). How do students formulate a research question and conclusions in science research? In Project-Based Education And Other Student-Activation Strategies And Issues In Science Education XIX. (pp. 29–38). PedF UK. Search in Google Scholar
- Noor, A.M. (2021). Evaluating multple choice questions from engineering statistics assessment. International Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 3(4), 33–46. http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijeap Search in Google Scholar
- Nosálová, K. (2022). Praktické cvičenia ako nástroj podpory bádateľských zručností. PriF UK v Bratislave. Search in Google Scholar
- NRC. (1996). National science education standards. National Academies Press. https://bit.ly/3g8S40c Search in Google Scholar
- NRC. (1998). The Canadian system of soil classification (No. 1646). NRC Research Press. Search in Google Scholar
- NRC. (2000). Inquiry and the national science education standards: A guide for teaching and learning. National Academies Press. https://bit.ly/3yHeHiI Search in Google Scholar
- Nurdin, K., Muh, H. S., & Muhammad, M.H. (2019). The implementation of inquiry-discovery learning. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 7(1), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v7i1.734 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- O’Connor, G., & Rosicka, C. (2020). Science in the early years. Paper 2: Science inquiry skills. Australian Council for Educational Research. https://bit.ly/3rTtLpA Search in Google Scholar
- Ong, E.T., Ramiah, P., Ruthven, K., Salleh, S. M., Yusuff, N.A.N., & Mokhsein, S. E. (2015). Acquisition of basic science process skills among Malaysian upper primary students. Research in Education, 94(1), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.7227/RIE.0021 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Opara, J.A., & Oguzor, N. S. (2011). Inquiry instructional method and the school science curriculum. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 188–198. Search in Google Scholar
- Orolínová, M., & Kotuľáková, K. (2014). Rozvoj spôsobilostí vedeckej práce v podmienkach kontinuálneho vzdelávania učiteľov. Typi Universitatis Tyrnaviensis. Search in Google Scholar
- Özgelen, S. (2012). Students’ science process skills within a cognitive domain framework. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 8(4), 283–292. https://bit.ly/3T3eyhL Search in Google Scholar
- ÖztÜrk, N., Tezel, Ö., & Acat, M. B. (2010). Science process skills levels of primary school seventh grade students in science and technology lesson. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 7(3), 15–28. http://tused.org/index.php/tused/article/view/520 Search in Google Scholar
- Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge. Search in Google Scholar
- Prokša, M., Held, Ľ., Haláková, Z., Tóthová, A., Orolínová, M., Urbanová, A., & Žoldošová, K. (2008). Metodológia pedagogického výskumu a jeho aplikácia v didaktikách prírodných vied. Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského. Search in Google Scholar
- Rahayu, U., Sekarwinahyu, M., & Sapriati, A. (2022). The inquiry skills of teachers in elementary school. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v6i2.46909 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Rao, D. B. (2008). Science process skills of school students. Discovery Publishing House. Search in Google Scholar
- Rezba, R. J., Sprague, C., & Fiel, R. (2003). Learning and assessing science process skills. Kendall Hunt. Search in Google Scholar
- Shahali, E.H. M., & Halim, L. (2010). Development and validation of a test of integrated science process skills. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 142–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.127 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Schleicher, A. (2019). PISA 2018: Insights and interpretations. OECD Publishing. Search in Google Scholar
- Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L.A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1 763–1 768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Song, Y. (2016). “We found the ‘black spots’ on campus on our own”: Development of inquiry skills in primary science learning with BYOD (Bring Your Own Device). Interactive Learning Environments, 24(2), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2015.1113707 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Sparks, J.R., & Deane, P. (2015). Cognitively based assessment of research and inquiry skills: Defining a key practice in the English language arts. ETS Research Report Series, 2015(2), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/ets2.12082 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Stone, E. M. (2014). Guiding students to develop an understanding of scientific inquiry: A science skills approach to instruction and assessment. CBE — Life Sciences Education, 13(1), 90–101. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe-12-11-0198 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Suryawati, E., & Osman, K. (2017). Contextual learning: Innovative approach towards the development of students’ scientific attitude and natural science performance. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/79329 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Šmida, D., & Čipková, E. (2021). Inquiry skills of primary school pupils in Slovakia. In 4th ICTLE, Proceedings of The 4th International Conference on Teaching, Learning and Education (pp. 84–97). Diamond Scientific Publishing. https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/31-6641.pdf Search in Google Scholar
- ŠPÚ. (2015). Inovovaný ŠVP pre 2. stupeň ZŠ. https://bit.ly/3EJkXu6 Search in Google Scholar
- Šterbáková, K. (2014). Nové technológie – interaktívna tabuľa SMART Board vo vyučovaní fyziky. Edukacja – Technika – Informatyka, 5(2), 181–186. https://bit.ly/3S4u1g9 Search in Google Scholar
- Tan, A. (1996). The way forward for Penang: Growth or development? In Penang Economic Seminar, Penang, May. Search in Google Scholar
- Temiz, B. (2020). Assessing skills of identifying variables and formulating hypotheses using scenario-based multiple-choice questions. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.561895 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- TIMSS (2019). Prvé výsledky medzinárodného výskumu vedomostí a zručností žiakov 4. ročníka ZŠ v matematike a prírodných vedách. https://www2.nucem.sk/dl/4840/Prv%C3%A9%20 Search in Google Scholar
- v%C3%BDsledky%20Slovenska%20v%20%C5%A1t%C3%BAdii%20TIMSS%202019.pdf Search in Google Scholar
- Topalsan, A.K. (2020). Development of scientific inquiry skills of science teaching through argument-focused virtual laboratory applications. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 19(4), 628–646. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1264527 Search in Google Scholar
- Tosun, C. (2019). Scientific process skills test development within the topic “Matter and its Nature” and the predictive effect of different variables on 7th and 8th grade students’ scientific process skill levels. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 20(1), 160–174. 10.1039/C8RP00071A Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Wang, J., Guo, D., & Jou, M. (2015). A study on the effects of model-based inquiry pedagogy on students’ inquiry skills in a virtual physics lab. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 658–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.043 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Wenning, C. J. (2005). Levels of inquiry: Hierarchies of pedagogical practices and inquiry processes. Journal of Physics Teacher Education Online, 2(3), 3–12. http://www2.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/levels of inquiry.pdf Search in Google Scholar
- Wenning, C. J. (2006). Assessing nature-of-science literacy as one component of scientific literacy. Journal of Physics Teacher Education Online, 3(4), 3–14. https://www.phy.ilstu.edu/jpteo Search in Google Scholar
- Wenning, C. J. (2007). Assessing inquiry skills as a component of scientific literacy. Journal of Physics Teacher Education Online, 4(2), 21–24. http://www2.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/assessing ScInq.pdf Search in Google Scholar
- Wenning, C. J. (2010). Levels of inquiry: Using inquiry spectrum learning sequences to teach science. Journal of Physics Teacher Education Online, 5(3), 11–20. http://www.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/learning sequences.pdf Search in Google Scholar
- Windschitl, M. (2000). Supporting the development of science inquiry skills with special classes of software. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(2), 81–95. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02313402 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Woodford, K., & Bancroft, P. (2004). Using multiple choice questions effectively in information technology education. 21st Annual ASCILITE Conference 2004, 4, 948–955. Search in Google Scholar
- https://www.ascilite.org/conferences/perth04/procs/pdf/woodford.pdf
- Zeidan, A.H., & Jayosi, M.R. (2015). Science process skills and attitudes toward science among Palestinian secondary school students. World Journal of Education, 5(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v5n1p13 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
- Zheng, Y., Yu, S., Zhang, M., Wang, J., Yang, X., Zheng, S., & Ping, X. (2022). Research on performance assessment of students’ inquiry skills in China’s elementary schools: A video analysis of Beijing discovering science around us. Research in Science & Technological Education, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2022.2126973 Open DOI Search in Google Scholar
Downloads
2
- Ready to experiment? A closer look at students’ scientific skills in lower secondary educationhttps://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2026.2617918
- TECHNICAL SKILLS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN SLOVAKIAhttps://doi.org/10.5507/jtie.2024.011
2